ASCO研究者说丨Dickon Hayne教授分享ANZUP 1301研究:联合丝裂霉素膀胱灌注方案可缓解BCG短缺问题

泌尿时讯 发表时间:2025/7/2 17:30:49

编者按:卡介苗(BCG)是高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)的标准膀胱灌注治疗方案,但部分国家和地区存在BCG短缺问题,治疗可及性受到挑战,临床正在积极寻找平替或优替方案。在2025年ASCO大会上的口头报告中,澳大利亚西澳大学(UWA)医学院Dickon Hayne教授的一项3期ANZUP 1301研究,在BCG基础上联合丝裂霉素用于高危NMIBC膀胱灌注治疗,显示了与BCG相似的疗效和预后,但治疗完成率更高,而且减少BCG的用量。


研究简介


丝裂霉素加卡介苗作为高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌辅助膀胱灌注治疗:一项随机3期试验(ANZUP 1301)


背景:


对于高危NMIBC患者,在经尿道最大限度肿瘤切除术后,卡介苗(BCG)膀胱灌注治疗是标准治疗方式。自2013年以来,BCG的可及性一直是全球性的挑战。我们试图确定使用卡介苗加丝裂霉素(BCG+MM)膀胱灌注治疗与单独使用卡介苗膀胱灌注治疗相比,在未接受过BCG治疗的高危NMIBC患者中的疗效和安全性。


方法:


这是一项开放标签、随机、3期试验。入组患者(pts)为高级别乳头状尿路上皮癌,分期为pTa/pT1;允许同时存在原位癌(CIS)。患者被随机分配接受BCG+MM或单独BCG治疗。BCG+MM方案是每周诱导治疗9次(BCG第1、2、4、5、7、8周;MM第3、6、9周),然后每4周1次维持治疗,共9次(MM第13、17、25、29、37、41周;BCG第21、33、45周:总共9次BCG剂量)。单独BCG方案是每周诱导治疗6次,然后每4周维持治疗10次:总共16次BCG剂量。主要终点是2年无病生存期(DFS);次要结局包括3个月时膀胱镜检查完全反应(CR3mos)、复发时间(TTR)、进展时间(TTP)、总生存期(OS)和不良事件(AE)。目标样本量为500,提供85%的能力在2年DFS上检测到10%的绝对改善,类型1错误率为0.05。使用Cox回归计算风险比(HR)、置信区间(CI),并考虑竞争风险。P值是双尾的,未针对多重比较进行调整。Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02948543。


结果:


我们从2013年12月到2023年5月共招募了501名参与者:中位年龄70岁(四分位距63-77);pTa 53%,pT1 47%,同时存在CIS 28%。在这次主要分析中,数据截至2024年12月6日,中位随访时间为47个月(四分位距31-64)。所有关键终点(DFS、CR3mos、TTR、TTP和OS)的分析都支持两组治疗的疗效相似(见表),但P值均未能<0.05。BCG+MM的总灌注次数高于单独BCG(4034次 vs 3383次),而BCG的总剂量(2056次 vs 3383次),以及每位参与者的BCG中位剂量(9次 vs 16次)BCG+MM低于单独BCG。3-5级AE的参与者数量在BCG-MM组为43人,而在BCG单独组为37人。报告任何级别AE的参与者数量最多的(BCG+MM对单独BCG)是疲劳(109对110)、肾脏/泌尿系统(78对83)和流感样症状(34对60)。与单独BCG相比,更多的参与者使用BCG+MM完成了≥75%的计划剂量(78% vs 68%;P=0.02)。



结论:


BCG+MM具有相似的疗效和安全性,但与单独BCG相比,治疗中断更少,BCG剂量更少。BCG+MM是单独BCG的良好替代方案。


研究者说


《肿瘤瞭望》:膀胱内卡介苗灌注是高风险非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)患者的标准治疗方法,但大约30%的患者仍会复发。根据您的临床实践,您能否分享高风险NMIBC尚未满足的临床需求?


Dickon Hayne教授:我们一直在寻找改善高危NMIBC治疗效果(的方法)。令人难以置信的是,单独卡介苗作为(此类患者)的主要治疗已经成为超过半个世纪了。当然,也有一些新药物正在研发中,并且除了卡介苗之外,还有一些其他系统治疗正在被应用。NMIBC是一种局部疾病,使用系统免疫治疗局部疾病可能会产生不必要的治疗相关副作用。因此,有很多研究在探讨添加化疗药物,比如将丝裂霉素添加到卡介苗中,但这从未在大规模随机试验中真正验证过,这正是我们通过ANZGUP 1301(卡介苗加丝裂霉素试验)研究想要实现的目标。


Oncology Frontier: Thank you, Professor, for attending our interview from Oncology Frontier. And now the first question is, intravesical BCG instillation is the standard treatment for high-risk NMIBC patients, but about 30% of them will still relapse. Based on your clinical practice, can you please share the unmet clinical needs of high-risk NMIBC?

Dr. Dickon Hayne: Yes, of course we seek to improve the outcomes for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. BCG alone has been the mainstay of treatment for more than half a century, unbelievably. There are certainly some new agents coming through, and there are some other systemic therapies being applied in addition to BCG. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is a localized condition, and using systemic immune therapies to treat a localized disease may incur unnecessary treatment-related side effects. So there's been quite a bit of history with studies looking at the addition of chemotherapy, so mitomycin to BCG, and this has never really been tested in a large randomized trial, which is what we sought to do with ANZGUP 1301, the BCG plus mitomycin trial.


《肿瘤瞭望》:您关于BCG联合丝裂霉素辅助治疗的研究多次入选ASCO会议,为NMIBC带来了新的治疗选择。您能否分享这项研究的具体疗效?您认为它将对NMIBC的临床实践产生什么影响?


Dickon Hayne教授:是的,这项研究在此前的会议上作为在研试验展示过。这是一项随机3期临床试验,旨在评估卡介苗治疗联合丝裂霉素(膀胱灌注治疗)的安全性和有效性,实际上我们从2013年开始招募患者。从2013年到2023年,我们随机分配了501名患者,分别接受单独卡介苗或卡介苗联合丝裂霉素的治疗。研究的主要结局显示,卡介苗联合丝裂霉素在疗效和安全性方面与单独使用卡介苗相似。然而,我们观察到使用卡介苗联合丝裂霉素的治疗方案的治疗完成率更高。重要的是,卡介苗的用量减少了40%。


我们还进行了一项回顾性亚组分析的结果表明,在研究对象中,对于高危患者群体,增加丝裂霉素可能在无病生存期(DFS)方面提供进一步的改善。简而言之,卡介苗联合丝裂霉素是单独使用卡介苗的良好替代方案。目前我们正面临全球卡介苗短缺的问题,据估计,卡介苗的短缺量约为供应量的30%到50%。因此广泛采用卡介苗联合丝裂霉素的治疗方案可能解决全球卡介苗危机。


Oncology Frontier: Your BCG combined with mitomycin adjuvant therapy research has been selected for ASCO conference many times, bringing new options for NMIBC. Could you please share the specific efficiency of this study? And what impact do you think it will have on the clinical practice of NMIBC?

Dr. Dickon Hayne: Well, This has only been presented previously at this meeting as a trial in progress. The study, which is a randomized phase 3 trial, assessing the safety and efficacy of the addition of mitomycin to BCG therapy, actually started accrual in 2013. And from 2013 to 2023, we've randomized 501 patients to either receive BCG alone or BCG plus mitomycin. The key outcomes from the study, we've seen similar efficacy and safety with BCG plus mitomycin as with BCG alone. However, we've seen better treatment completion rates with BCG plus mitomycin. And importantly, 40% less BCG required. We also did a post hoc subgroup analysis which suggested that for the higher risk patients among the population studied, the addition of the mitomycin may provide further improvements in terms of disease-free survival. So in short, BCG plus mitomycin is a good alternative to BCG alone. And we're currently facing a global BCG shortage, with estimates at around 30 to 50% of shortage of BCG compared with supply, so wide adoption of the BCG plus mitomycin regimen could solve the global BCG crisis.


《肿瘤瞭望》:在临床实践中,联合治疗的毒副作用往往更大,为什么这项研究观察到卡介苗和丝裂霉素联合治疗的耐受性更好?


Dickon Hayne教授:我认为原因之一可能是其他研究也在关注丝裂霉素联合卡介苗,但毒性反应相当明显。在我们的研究中,不良事件最多也就是卡介苗和卡介苗联合丝裂霉素之间相当,当然没有统计学差异。但我们确实看到那些接受联合治疗的患者治疗完成率更高(78% vs 68%;P=0.02),这意味着联合疗法可能比单独使用卡介苗更容易耐受。考虑到以往的数据,这可能有些出乎意料,我认为这反映了实际的治疗方案本身。这种方案耐受性很好。


Oncology Frontier: In clinical practice, the side effects of combination therapies tend to be greater. Why did this study observe better tolerability with the combination of BCG and mitomycin?

Dr. Dickon Hayne: So I think perhaps one of the reasons because there have been other studies looking at combined mitomycin and BCG with really quite significant toxicity. In our study, the adverse events were at worst comparable between BCG and BCG mitomycin, not certainly not statistically different. But we did see higher completion rates with those that had the combination therapy, implying that it may actually be better tolerated than BCG alone. This may be a surprise considering the previous data, and I think reflects the actual regimen itself. That regimen is well tolerated.


《肿瘤瞭望》:未来您和团队还会对NMIBC领域的哪些问题进行探索?


Dickon Hayne教授:我们最近完成了一项利用度伐利尤单抗的I期临床研究,但不是进行全身免疫治疗,而是将度伐利尤单抗直接注射到膀胱周围(尿路上皮下注射)。这项研究名为SUBDUE-1试验,这是一项剂量递增的概念验证性研究。我们确实看到在这项小型研究中,度伐利尤单抗非常安全,(患者)没有发生免疫相关的副作用。而且,我们确实观察到膀胱内有免疫反应。所以我希望看到更多使用局部给药的免疫治疗药物的大型研究,这可能带来免疫疗法的获益,同时避免全身性副作用,这当然是我们希望看到的未来方向。


当然,还有许多其他新型药物已经在美国上市,但在澳大利亚尚未上市,如N-803(Anktiva)、Nadofaragene firadenovec(Altiladrin),这两种药物在美国都可以买到,它们似乎在卡介苗无反应的情况下发挥作用。这些药物能否联合其他治疗更早地用于高危NMIBC患者,是非常有趣(的研究方向)。当然,我们最近还有3项研究使用了免疫检查点抑制剂系统治疗,例如CREST研究使用PD-1抑制剂sasanlimab联合BCG维持治疗,POTOMAC研究使用度伐利尤单抗,已经发布了新闻稿,但尚未公布结果,表明这是一项阳性结果的研究。还有进一步的试验使用全身性帕博利珠单抗联合BCG和丝裂霉素,但我认为这些方案不太可能被广泛采用,显然成本和毒性是需要考虑的问题,需要认真权衡。


Oncology Frontier: And last question is, in the future, what other aspects of the NMIBC field will you and your team explore?

Dr. Dickon Hayne: Okay, well, we've recently completed a phase one study utilizing the drug durvalumab, but rather than giving systemic immune therapy, the durvalumab was physically injected around the bladder. This is the SUBDUE-1 trial, which was a dose escalation study to proof of concept. And we did see that it was very safe in that small study without immune-related side effects. Moreover, we did see immune-related effects in the bladder. So I would love to see larger studies with locally administered immunotherapeutic agents which may have the benefit of the immune therapy without the systemic side effects, so that's certainly something we'd like to see coming forward.

There are of course a number of other new agents into the bladder which have been available in the United States, not yet available in Australia, so I'm talking about N-803 or anktiva, and also Altiladrin, which is Nadofaragene firadenovec, both of these drugs are available in the US and they seem to have a role in the BCG unresponsive setting. It'll be interesting to see whether those will be included in other treatment schedules or used earlier in the treatment process with those with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. And of course we've had three studies recently presented with systemic immune checkpoint, systemic checkpoint inhibitor, the Crest study with the PD-1 sasanlimab in addition to BCG maintenance, and then we've got the Potomac study with durvalumab, which is there's been a press release but no results yet saying that's a positive study. And then a further trial with using systemic pembrolizumab in addition to BCG mitomycin, but I think whether those will be adopted widely up front, there are obviously cost and toxicity issues which will need to be carefully considered.

Dickon Hayne教授

西澳大利亚大学泌尿外科临床学者,领导泌尿外科研究和教育工作

他担任泌尿外科顾问医生,并担任西澳南部都市卫生服务中心泌尿外科主任。他是澳大利亚和新西兰泌尿生殖系统和前列腺癌试验组(ANZUP)膀胱、尿路上皮和阴茎(BUP)癌症分委员会主席,也是SAC成员,领导BCGMM试验,并广泛参与ANZUP的其他分委员会、试验和活动。他的主要临床和研究兴趣是泌尿系统癌症,特别是膀胱癌。

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